LA MAFIA DALLE ORIGINI AI GIORNI NOSTRI
Cercheremo, nello spazio esiguo consentito da una breve ricerca, di approfondire l'evoluzione storica della mafia, evidenziandone i momenti sia di continuità che di cambiamento. Molti studiosi fanno partire la storia della mafia dall'Unità d'Italia. E questo non perché prima fosse assente nella Penisola una qualche forma di criminalità che somigliasse a quella mafiosa, ma perché è in quel momento storico che si evidenzia un conflitto palese tra questa criminalità - che va organizzandosi in maniera sempre più rigida - e lo Stato, almeno nelle forme centralistiche e oppressive in cui quest’ultimo si evidenziò all’indomani dell’unità National .. The Unification of Italy
strengthened in the south end of a process of feudal structure of the countryside, when the economy was integrated, albeit painfully, than in the rest of the country. As already mentioned, the new government of Piedmont is in fact a social structure built over the southern already established itself in many ways an original way the fabric of society, without being able to interact positively with it. The consequence of these changes was that the large landowners in the countryside, which had held power until that entire time, they began to need more and more of someone who would guarantee their effective control of property, both to guard against robbery, sia per resistere alle nascenti pretese delle classi contadine per una più equa distribuzione del prodotto del loro lavoro.
Questo ruolo, che in altri paesi ed anche in altre zone d'Italia fu tipicamente un compito affidato alla classe borghese imprenditoriale, aiutata nella sua affermazione dallo stato liberale, venne assunto da alcuni personaggi che presero il nome di "campieri" (perché controllavano i campi) o "gabelloti", in quanto riscuotevano, per conto del padrone, le "gabelle". Quindi, fin dal principio, la mafia si delinea come un'organizzazione che assume dei ruoli pubblici per eccellenza, che altrove sono di competenza dello Stato.
Per farlo, i mafiosi ebbero fin dalle origini contatti molto stretti con il public power. At that time, were more apparent collusion with the body of the "soldiers on horseback," a police officer to control the countryside. As these soldiers had a direct responsibility for the damage to rural properties, which were required to make good, had a tendency to try to prevent theft, often by agreeing with bandits and gangsters because they did not in territories under their jurisdiction. But the collusion, even then, were not confined to low levels, but they touch the prefectural authorities (who were then much more power than today), and a sign of great continuity with today, politicians. And it is quite natural that the ground for such collusion era più nelle città, dov'era concentrato il potere politico, che nelle campagne. In questo senso, di recente, S. Lupo ha sostenuto che è un errore considerare la mafia delle origini soltanto come mafia rurale, in quanto il ruolo delle città, come luogo politico e commerciale, era invece molto importante.
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STORIA DELLA PAROLA MAFIA
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L’origine della parola Mafia non è conosciuta precisamente. Secondo una versione dei fatti, nacque dall’invasione francese della Sicilia nel 1282 e dal motto "Morte alla Francia Italia Anela" o M.A.F.I.A.
- Per altri deriva invece dal nome della tribù araba che si stanziò a Palermo(Ma-afir), for others from the Tuscan MAFF (poverty), while the scholar of folklore G. Pitre derived from the slang word of Palermo, which originally meant "beauty, courage, superiority."
Only in 1865 was used in its most current to indicate an unusual form of conspiracy *.
Quite imaginative interpretation is actually the acronym of the Mafia as Mazzini Authorizes Thefts Fires Poisoning. (Sic).
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The "spirit of the Mafia" is a mentality of excessive pride, arrogance and pride, that to be true "men of honor" must assert his own reasons without moral scruples by any means: the duel rustic ambush with a shotgun.
The "spirit of the Mafia" is based on a code of honor, not written but equally respected, supported by two unbreakable rules: the conspiracy of silence, which requires all the most absolute silence el'avvertimento preliminary opponent in the "Rules of accounts.
- The relationship between the "men of honor and affiliates is very narrow, as it is from this that weave the links between members and" legs ",
- This word comes from the Sicilian dialect and means" artichoke " : it indicates the very close relationship that is to be established between the members, joined together them as the leaves of the artichoke.
- This relationship is strengthened, taking on the traits of subsidiarity and mutual support and help when needed, through the iron law of history dell'omertà (absolute secrecy about the information, which may be moved only within the narrow circle of followers as in all secret societies).
- E'arrivato now time to summarize briefly the recent history of the Mafia.
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the beginning of the 900 due to the severe agricultural crisis, a 'huge mass of peasants migrated to the south and Sicily in particular in the New World, especially in the U.S.. So the mafia was transplanted in the United States and was called "black hand" or "Cosa Nostra". This new organization quickly assumed enormous features.
- In the first decade of the twentieth century Giovanni Giolitti, the statesman as "longevity" of the recent history of Italy, took advantage of the work of the "men of honor" (the gentlemen) to strengthen government control of the southern electorate, especially in the countryside.
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During the fascist regime, the Sicilian Mafia was subjected to severe repressive measures. Memorable was the work carried out by the prefect C. Mori, forcing many Mafiosi to move to the U.S.
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At the end of World War II, the Mafia regained vigor thanks to the work of the occupying troops and local populations
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The rough post-war period gave the Mafia an opportunity to reinforce and extend its interests to deal with the drug dealing and racketeering in commerce, in the general market, industry and construction.
In the '60s a new and more ruthless mafia dismissive of the traditional mafia began to dispute the "historical" control of the territory. The numerous mafias
went to war with each other in a crescendo of violence, marked by numerous crimes "cross" (for punishing or eliminate entire families).
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During the 80s the mafia has further increased its power in spite of the tireless work of the police and the judiciary.
Several investigators and prosecutors have paid with their lives for their dedication and professional civil action against the "Octopus".
The unions are organizing forms of collective resistance to the Mafia, aware that solitude is to enable the mafia hit.
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Among the numerous mafias, "American Mafia" is one that reaches the size of a full-fledged state. It is not a criminal, but an organization criminale strutturata come uno Stato, con un "popolo" (gli "uomini d’onore"), un "territorio", un "ordinamento giuridico" che prevede regole ataviche, quali l’omertà, il rispetto delle gerarchie, il rigido controllo da parte delle famiglie e delle cosche, lo scopo mutualistico degli associati e le relative sanzioni. "Cosa Nostra" è divenuta un "contropotere criminale", in quanto la sua struttura organizzativa non è protesa solo a consumare delitti, a controllare attività economiche, a conseguire vantaggi ingiusti o allo scambio di voti, ma è altresì volta al perseguimento di vere e proprie strategie, ora in collusione ora in contrasto con i poteri legittimamente costituiti.
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Like all secret societies, the Mafia has a generally vertical structure. Appoints the head of household "Deputy Chief" and capidecina who is responsible for coordinating the men of honor, picciotti. The basic organization is the family, not that of blood, but a mafia group that controls a piece of land, usually a country or an area in a big city or more countries if they are small. It 's a vital function, that of the control of the territory, which winds through forms of proximity to the sphere of politics and institutions.
Increasingly, the decision tree is territorial (the Committee, the body's most important Cosa Nostra, in Sicilia. è regionale).
- In questi ultimi si è accresciuto il potere assoluto di alcuni Boss, come Salvatore Riina, Bernardo Provenzano e Giuseppe Madonna in Sicilia.Il numero uno è sicuramente Totò Riina e subito dopo viene Giuseppe Madonia. Questi due sono stati anche indicati come rappresentanti mondiali a Palermo, nel senso che vi è un altro organismo più in alto che comanda tutte le famiglie di Cosa Nostra sparse nel mondo. Il 30 Giugno 1992 il pentito Leonardo Messina rivelò ad un pool di magistrati la struttura e gli uomini di Cosa Nostra.
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Oggi a capo di Cosa Nostra ci sarebbe Bernardo Provenzano che molti credevano morto. S’è rifatto vivo dopo l’arresto di Riina with a letter to the President of the Court of Palermo. Photographs of 30 years old described him as a blond and stocky type. No one has seen him since then, but all agree in defining a repentant bloodthirsty beast, as Riina which the playmate and wickedness. His death was taken for granted until April 1992 when his wife Saveria Palazzolo, reappeared in the village along with three children after an absence of 10 years. As if nothing had happened around that amount of time, the woman opened the old house and went to live among the people, in a shocker all, including representatives from the police. Besides Provenzano, until May 20, 1996, Giovanni Brusca was considered the head of the military wing of Cosa Nostra. Son of Bernard, a former member of the "commission" in his capacity as boss of the family of San Giuseppe Jato, is accused of horrendous crimes such as the Capaci massacre (he was to operate the device that blew up the Judge Falcone, his wife and his five bodyguards) and the attacks in Rome, Milan and Florence and murder of Giuseppe Di Matteo, 11, son of a collaborator with justice, strangled and dissolved in acid. 36 years, a fugitive since 1990, was arrested with his brother Vincent nell'Agrigentino while the television was seeing Michele Placido's film about the massacre of Capaci. After the capture by Brusca, in addition to Provenzano, the undisputed leader of the wing "politics" of Cosa Nostra, the stain remains Aglieri Peter, to whom falls the task of repairing the line and relaunch the mob attacks concentric bulging of repentance.
- initiation rites
- * The neophyte before the oath is carefully probed to see if it is available to participate in an unidentified association aims to protect the weak. After being probed, is taken to a secluded place (which may also be a house) in the presence of three or more men of honor of the family and, therefore, the oldest of the present warns him that the Mafia has the purpose of protect the weak and eliminate redressing injuries. Hole is a finger of a hand of swearing and blood is spilled on any sacred image. The image is placed on the same hand and sets himself on fire. At this point the novice, who must endure the burning, passes from hand to hand until all off, he vows to keep faith with the principles of "Cosa Nostra," solemnly declared: "my flesh must burn like this" santina "If faith can not keep the oath." After the oath - and only then - the man of honor is presented to the head of the family, to whom before they had to know the charge, nor do they reflect the existence of clan and explains the organization of the Cosa Nostra.
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- The 'Ndrangheta
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The term 'Ndrangheta is of uncertain derivation. According to some historians would be mediated by the Greek and means "brave company of men."
The word originates from the dialect would "ndrine" (straight man who does not bend his back)
-. Historical origins
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The remote origins of the 'Ndrangheta back to the "Garduno" criminal association that was interested in the game and barter, founded in Toledo in 1412 and brought by English conquerors in southern Italy, while some characteristics then become common every Mafia "the pull" (ie a knife duel between the followers), the codice d’onore, la legge ferrea dell’omertà.
Comunque sia, le più dirette origini storiche della ‘Ndrangheta vanno ricercate nella camorra napoletana
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Nel 1861, nel 1863 e nel 1865 tre ondate di brigantaggio sconvolgono la Calabria, la Lucania e la Campania. Di esse si hanno scarse e a tratti strumentalizzate notizie, ma è fuor di dubbio che si tratti di una sorta di disperata guerriglia, di una lotta di classe sulla "questione meridionale" i cui capi provengono dalle masse anonime dei contadini renitenti ai vantaggi del governo italiano: la leva obbligatoria, le nuove tasse, la mancanza di opportunità di lavoro, se si esclude il bracciantato agricolo di tradizione feudale ( colonia).
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from banditry to the 'Ndrangheta
Historians tend to see in this very explosion of robbery the first real work out the Calabrian mafia, even if not everyone agrees to unify the two phenomena. The Mafia became synonymous with banditry, mafia, malandrinaggio, without any of the three things, as the robbery is an open struggle with social laws, the Camorra is an economic gain illicit transactions, malandrinaggio is the kind of vulgar, the route vice and acting on people of very little stature.
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- Code and rules of the 'Ndrangheta
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As each association 'Ndrangheta in these rules, hierarchy, statutes that provide "dignity" in its activities and the acceptance of them by the aspirant. News on social codes of the 'Ndrangheta have a variety of sources: from written documents seized during raids on the literature of the same mafia affiliates.
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The symbol of 'ndrina from the tree of knowledge is divided into six parts: the stem (the head of the company or club leader, who has power of life and death over other affiliates), the rifusto (accountant and teacher of the day), the branches (of Camorra Sgarro and blood), twigs (i picciotti), flowers (young of honor) e le foglie (traditori destinati a cadere per terra)
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Gli sviluppi della mafia calabrese presentano una certa analogia con quella della camorra e della mafia siciliana. Prevale nella mentalità comune una interpretazione eroica delle cosche mafiose viste come strumenti di assistenza e protezione ai più deboli. L’inizio del secolo è un periodo aureo per "l’onorata società" che si estende già in tutto il territorio della provincia di Reggio. Gli anni dell’immediato dopoguerra registrano una recrudescenza della ‘Ndrangheta ad opera di Rocco Muscari. Questa che imperversa nelle montagne del Reggino è ritenuta responsabile di un omicidio, due tentati omicidi, rapine a contadini, abigeati, ferimenti, and two offenses that mark the new specialization of the Calabrian Mafia: extortion and kidnapping.
The new 'Ndrangheta
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In recent decades, the' Ndrangheta becomes considerably: changing offenses, victims, weapons, remains unchanged and the area of \u200b\u200boperations and refuge from the capital Aspromonte. Since agriculture 'Ndrangheta moves to commercial activities, construction, industry. Owners, large and small traders are forcibly "protected" against those who refuse to pay the "bribe" we act with very grave acts miners, fires, terrorist attacks. Backbone becomes the kidnapping industry: people are taken hostage, with periods of imprisonment on the Aspromonte, ranging from a few hours to several months.
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- draw conclusions that are comprehensive and objective set by an extremely complex phenomenon like the mafia would be a vain task and misleading.
- You can still draw some brief reflections on our historical survey.
- The first reflection tells us that the Mafia has historically established itself as a counter-power: local versus central, tradition against innovation, right against the law.
- Second, the mafia seems to have established itself as a historical necessity, other times è piuttosto apparso come il risultato di un rapido processo di deterioramento del tessuto economico e sociale.
- Viene così confermata la tesi di chi sostiene che la mafia si presenti comunque come un fenomeno degenerativo di una società che non sa più riconoscersi, né affermare i valori etici che sono da sempre il fondamento dell’agire.
Schede di libri sulla mafia
Per l’elaborazione degli argomenti interni alla tematica si è fatto ricorso allo studio e consultazione del testo scolastico “Oltre il Duemila”, Agorà Edizioni, Torino, 2000
Si è inoltre fatto ricorso consultation with the following works, from which he derived a brief description sheet:
For the Mafia. A bibliography, edited by GR Lanfranchini and B. Marin, Milan, publishing tools, 1993.
Born from an initiative of "The Rivisteria 'and' the most 'complete bibliography on the Mafia - albeit limited to the writings in volume - which has been published in Italy in recent years. Inevitably begins to age, but is useful for knowledge of everything that was written on the subject until 1993.
Mafia. Political Economy Society, edited by E. Morosini and F. Brambilla, Torino, Einaudi Scuola, 1995.
anthology of writings on very well maintained mafia, accompanied by an excellent bibliography and a complete filmography.
Of particular interest is the extensive excerpts from the book by Diego Gambetta, The Sicilian Mafia. An industry of private protection, Torino, Einaudi, 1992.
Umberto Santino, La mafia interpreted Soveria Mannelli (CZ), Rubbettino, 1996.
The author, a sociologist at the University of Calabria, tried to take stock of the different approaches to the Mafia in the scientific literature. The stated purpose of the book is to create a more Collge between studies of different disciplines (sociological, economic, political, legal, criminological).
Very useful for bibliographic information, estese anche a quanto è stato scritto in altri paesi sull'argomento. Ad esempio, è possibile farsi una bibliografia essenziale sugli approcci all'economia criminale che sono stati tentati nei paesi anglosassoni.
Marcelle Padovani e Giovanni Falcone, Cose di cosa nostra, Milano, Rizzoli, 1991, anche in edizione economica BUR (Milano, 1993) e in edizione annotata per le scuole (Bompiani, 19..)
E' il libro ideale per iniziare delle letture sulla mafia. E' composto di una lunga intervista che M. Padovani, una giornalista francese, ha fatto al giudice Falcone poco tempo prima della sua morte. Viene considerato come il testamento politico e culturale del coraggioso magistrato siciliano.
Il quadro di Cosa Nostra in the seventies and eighties is delineated with extraordinary lucidity, and with commendable ease of reading.
Caponnetto Antonino, My days in Palermo, Milan, Garzanti, 1993.
Written by a magistrate of the first line, he says, with a balance really so surprising for those directly involved in the facts, the experience side of Falcone and Borsellino, who serves as Chief of Bureau of Education of the Court of Palermo.
The book is up to the massacres of Capaci and via D'Amelio and pages on the funeral of Borsellino lives are so as to be heartbreaking for the reader more indifferent.
The Mafia, especially in its aspects More recently, we have also obtained the following bibliography:
Nando Dalla Chiesa, Stories boss ministers courts intellectual journals, Torino, Einaudi, 1990
Nando Dalla Chiesa, Judge boy, Torino, Einaudi, 1992
Stajano Corrado, A hero bourgeois, Torino, Einaudi, 1991
Marco Bettini, sorry. A history of the Mafia, Torino, Bollati Basic Books, 1994
Pino Arlacchi, Men of Dishonor. The Sicilian Mafia in the life of the great regret Antonino Calderone, Milan, Mondadori, 1992, now in paperback Oscar Mondadori, 1994
Salvatore Lupo, History of the Mafia, Roma, Donzelli, 1994.
This is the most complete and documented book on the history of the Mafia from the Unification of Italy today. And a little 'difficult to read, but it is certainly valuable for those who really want to go into that: earnestly, but with considerable satisfaction.
Young and the Mafia
The recruitment of young people is key to the power of famiglia.Tutti leaders want large families with many young soldiers and old soldiers attivi.Anche are important because they have relationships with older personality of the place, I know many influential people in the mafia and out, have experience of things of what Nostra.Ma the lead role, both soldiers and giovani.Sono that produce them, which account for the impact force is evaluated on the basis of which the power of a given famiglia.E 's why you have to be very careful not to overdo it and not get into too many families at once, not to make mistakes in putting people unreliable, insecure, for the love of power and grandeur.
The young men of honor are precious because they are stronger and smarter than the old ones, but they are restless, they tend not to enforce discipline and hierarchy, and must be handed rulers ferma.L 'obedience to orders is all in the family : The capodecina is very important, for this very reason, because he depends on the soldiers and actions more rischiose.Il capodecina deve essere un conoscitore di uomini.Deve capire come usare i soldati che sono a sua disposizione:se Tizio non è capace di fare un omicidio,allora gli si fa rubare un automobile o un’arma….oppure gli si fa sparare alle gambe a qualcuno,lo si manda a vendere merce rubata o di contrabbando.Si cerca di valorizzare le tendenze e le qualità di ognuno.
La Sacra Corona Unita
La fondazione risale al 1983,la quale s’ispira al modello di ‘nadregheta calabrese.IL nome Sacra Corona viene intesa quella del rosario,e la regione in cui si sviluppò di più fu la Puglia dove fin a quell’epoca non aveva conosciuto questa forma criminalità.
La Sacra Corona unita viene definita quarta mafia,e le sue attività principali si basano sul racket,gioco d’azzardo,contrabbando di sigarette e stupefacenti.
Durante l’immigrazione albanese,avuta recentemente nel nostro paese ha permesso alla delinquenza pugliese di unirsi alla malavita albanese,la quale importa grandi quantità di eroina,hashish e marijuana.
Anche per la sacra Corona Unita i peggiori nemici sono i “pentiti”,con i quali si è concluso nel 1991 un maxiproccesso con pene durissime da scontare.
Si teme però che la Puglia diventerà presto un specie di mercato di droga e che il risveglio della quarta mafia sia terribile e che non sia migliore delle altre forme di criminalità.
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